Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and the bodys ability to neutralize them using antioxidant systems. This condition has been implicated in the development of various skin disorders, including hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, melanoma and other skin diseases. While the role of oxidative stress and related pathways in hypopigmentation diseases, particularly vitiligo, is well-documented, there is little awareness about the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hyperpigmentation disorders, specifically in relation to cellular signaling pathways. 

Niacinamide, also known as nicotinamide, is a major form of vitamin B3. Supplementation with nicotinamide helps restore cellular NAD+ levels and mitochondrial function, reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, improves the extracellular matrix and skin barrier, and inhibits the pigmentation process. Clinical studies have shown that niacinamide significantly improves hyperpigmentation and enhances skin lightness compared to using a vehicle alone after a duration of 4 weeks. Additionally, a double-blinded, randomized clinical trial comparing topical 4% niacinamide to 4% hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma demonstrated that niacinamide is a safe and effective therapeutic agent, as it reduces pigmentation, inflammatory infiltration and solar elastosis.

Hence, formulations that include niacinamide are a highly promising therapeutic method for improving hyperpigmentation conditions.

Source: Xing X, Dan Y, Xu Z, Xiang L. Implications of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders. Oxidat Med Cellu Longev. 2022;2022:7881717.